As the UK enters the peak season for coffee and chocolate in the lead-up to Christmas, new research shows that while many people prioritise ethical sourcing, most are unaware that horses and mules are involved in transporting coffee cherries and cacao pods long before these products reach shop shelves.
A recent YouGov survey commissioned by the international working animal charity Brooke highlights a clear gap between consumer expectations and awareness. The findings have prompted renewed calls to ensure that increasing demand for imported coffee and cocoa does not lead to overlooked welfare issues.
Although 77% of adults in Great Britain say they know where their coffee originates, and 74% say the same about chocolate, only 59% are aware that working equines are frequently used in the production process. Among younger adults aged 18–24, awareness drops to 55%, despite this age group being among the most likely to consume barista-style drinks.
Consumer concern remains strong:
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82% say animal welfare matters when choosing coffee or chocolate
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85% say fair wages for farmers are a priority
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65% would be willing to pay more if products guaranteed high welfare standards for working animals
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More than half would support an equine-welfare certification label
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Support is highest among women (71%) and those aged 25–34 (72%)
Horses and mules continue to play a central role in farming regions around the world, particularly in Nicaragua — the largest cacao producer in Central America and one of the top global suppliers of coffee. In rural and mountainous communities, animals remain the only practical way to transport produce to central collection points.
However, long distances, steep terrain, heavy loads and limited veterinary support can lead to injury, disease and avoidable suffering.
Brooke’s Global Head of Policy and Advocacy, Anna Marry, said: “Without horses and mules, much of the coffee and cacao exported globally simply couldn’t reach markets.
“These animals are the invisible workforce behind products Brits enjoy every day. The good news is that with training, veterinary access and simple changes in handling, working equines can live healthier lives – and farmers can increase productivity.
“Brooke is helping to improve this in Nicaragua right now, and we ask consumers to support animal-friendly brands and retailers as best they can.”
Brooke continues to work with farming communities in Nicaragua by improving animal care, harness design, veterinary access and load management, with the aim of improving the wellbeing of the animals and the livelihoods of those who rely on them.
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Farmer José and his son Lester transformed the welfare of their horse El Rojito after Brooke’s training, shifting from heavy, traditional practices to gentle, trust-based care supported by regular vet treatment. This keeps both animals and coffee production healthier.
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Irma and her husband Eliú have improved the welfare of their horse Azul Azu (essential for transporting their cacao and supporting the family’s daily life) after Brooke-supported training helped them adopt gentle, preventative care that keeps both the animal and their livelihood thriving.
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Acknowledge the role of working animals in their supply chains.
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Adopt and promote best-practice animal welfare, including humane load limits and access to trained animal health workers.
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Provide clearer labelling so consumers can consciously choose welfare-guaranteed products.
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Look for ethical or animal welfare certifications on chocolate and coffee product labels.
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Support brands actively investing in animal welfare in their supply chain.
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Back Brooke’s work, which equips farming communities with the skills and tools needed to protect working equines.
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Ask retailers how they ensure animal-friendly transport of coffee and cacao.
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Consider purchasing organic products, why typically include higher animal welfare standards.